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談?wù)勚鷦?dòng)詞(AUXILIARY VERBS)
2011年11月16日 08:38
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談?wù)勚鷦?dòng)詞(AUXILIARY VERBS)
助動(dòng)詞也是動(dòng)詞的一種，它用以表示：可能、應(yīng)該、愿望、必須……通常放在動(dòng)詞（verb)或形容詞（adjective)之前。它也時(shí)常令初學(xué)者感到混淆。
一、shall 和 will
1.1 助動(dòng)詞shall/will 的最常用法，就是表示后面的動(dòng)詞屬于未來(lái)式(future tense):
第一人稱(I、we)用shall:
I shall go tomorrow.
We shall go tomorrow.
第二人稱(thou、you)及第三人稱(he、she、it、they)都用will:
He will go tomorrow.
She will go tomorrow.
They will go tomorrow.
1.2 如果shall或will并不是用來(lái)表示后面的動(dòng)詞是未來(lái)式的，那么shall將用在第二及三人稱，這時(shí)就有"決定、命令、答應(yīng)"等意思：
You shall obey me.(你要服從我。）
He shall leave the house instantly.（他決定馬上離開(kāi)家。）
You shall have my book.（說(shuō)這話的人答應(yīng)把書給對(duì)方。）
同樣的，will用在第一人稱時(shí)，就有"決定、答應(yīng)、情愿"等意思：
I will speak, in spite of you.(不管你怎樣，我決定說(shuō)。）
I will never forsake you.(我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)舍棄你。）
這回就談到這里。下回談should和would。
1.3就shall和will舉一些例子
shall 用在第一人稱（就是 I 或 we) 時(shí)：
I shall tell you this evening. (意向）
I shall never do it again. (答應(yīng)）
Shall I post the letter for you? (問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿）
shall 用在第二人稱(you)或第三人稱（he, she, it , they) 時(shí)：
You shall never see her again. (意向）
You shall go at once. （命令）
You shall have a reward.?。ù饝?yīng)）
You shall punished. （恫嚇）
Shall he be paid? （問(wèn)對(duì)方的意向）
will 用在第一人稱時(shí)：
I will work hard. (意向）
I will be obeyed. （命令）
I will help you as much as I can.?。ù饝?yīng)）
I will punish you. （恫嚇）
will 用在第二人稱或第三人稱時(shí)：
You will send in your report on Thursday. (命令）
Whatever you may say, things of this kind will go on.?。ū厝恍裕?/SPAN>
Will you help me??。ㄕ?qǐng)求）
Will you tell me about it? （請(qǐng)求）
You will sit here for hours saying nothing.?。ū硎玖?xí)慣）
下來(lái)談?wù)?/SPAN>should 和 would
二、should ：
2.1 should 用在第一人稱時(shí)：
I should be glad to see you if you would call tomorrow morning. (條件）
I should be glad to see you. (省略條件子句conditional clause)?。l件）
We should sort out this problem at once. （決定）
I think we should check everything again. （勸告）
2.2 should 用在第二人稱或第三人稱時(shí)：
Should you like to see him if he should call on you this evening? (表示將
來(lái)）
Should you like to see him. （省略條件子句conditional clause）
It's a pity you should always be so busy.?。捶ǎ?/SPAN>
If you should see Peter, tell him about the match.?。赡埽?/SPAN>
You should apply for a visa right away.?。ㄘ?zé)任）
If it should be fine tomorrow, I shall go out. (條件）
It is a pity that she should be so ill.
2.3 should 用在任何人稱時(shí)：
I / You/ He/ She/ They should study hard. (義務(wù)或責(zé)任）
三、would ：
3.1 would 用在第一人稱時(shí)：
If I could, I would work hard. (意向）
I would be obeyed. （命令）
I would help you as much as I could. （答應(yīng)）
I would punish you if you should do it again. （恫嚇）
3.2 would 用在第二人稱或第三人稱時(shí)：
If you were a bird, you would be able to fly. (將來(lái)）
Would you tell me about it? (請(qǐng)求）
Would you help me? （請(qǐng)求）
Would you were with us!?。ㄔ竿?/SPAN>
He would keep playing with my watch. （持續(xù)）
They wouldn't (would not) believe me. （拒絕）
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me??。ㄔS可）
Would you pass the salt please??。ㄕ?qǐng)求）
Would you mind waiting a moment? （請(qǐng)求）
Would you like to play golf this Friday? （邀請(qǐng)）
shall / will / should / would 真是千頭萬(wàn)緒，真沒(méi)辦法。
四、may 和 might：
(一)may:
4.1 .1表示許可(Permission):
You may go home now.
She may go to the cinema.
You may not go anywhere.
She may not go to the cinema.
May I go to the cinema?
May I use your dictionary?
May I have another cup of coffee?
May I watch television tonight? Yes, you may.
May I leave work at 16:00 hrs.? No, you may not.
4.1.2 表示可能性(Possibility)：（也可用 might 代替）
China may become a major economic power.
We may go to dinner tonight, I'm not sure.
It may snow tomorrow.
He may not go to Spain this year.
Perhaps I may go with you.
4.1.3 表示某種祈愿：
May success be yours.
May you return in safety.
May he rest in peace.
May God help us!
4.1.4 may have 表示"也許曾經(jīng)"：
He may have missed his train.
4.1.5 that...may 表示目的：
Teach me that I may be able to learn.
He flatters that he may win power.
(二)might:
4.2.1 表示可能性(Possibility):
It might rain today.
They might go to the cinema.
They might not go to the cinema.
We might go to dinner tonight, I'm not sure.
It might rain tomorrow.
He might not go to Japan next year.
You might shoot another panther this year.
4.2.2 其他用法：
You might post this for me. （請(qǐng)求）請(qǐng)你把這信寄一寄。
You might at least apologize. (責(zé)備）你至少該賠個(gè)不是。
He might at least have offered to help me. （責(zé)怪）他至少該說(shuō)來(lái)幫助我。
I might have been a rich man. (懊悔）我該做到富翁了。
關(guān)于may和might就談這些，當(dāng)然它們還有其他用法，希望大家談?wù)劇?/SPAN>
下回我們談?wù)?/SPAN>can 和could。
五、can和would:
(一)can:
5.1.1 表示有能力：
Sam can play the guitar.
Can Howard sing?
He can't (cannot) understand German.
5.1.2 表示許可：
Can I park my car here?
No, you can't, it is a no parking zone.
Can I go to the theatre with Zhang?
5.1.3 表示可能：
A car can be a useful means of transport or a dangerous weapon.
She can be very hard to understand sometimes.
We can live life with a positive or a negative attitude.
5.1.4 在否定或疑問(wèn)時(shí)，有"何至于"，"不可能"之意：
He cannot be a cruel man. 他不可能是一個(gè)冷酷的人。
Can they have said such a thing? 他們何至于說(shuō)出這樣的話？
(二)could:
5.2.1 作為can 的過(guò)去式：
She couldn't (could not) come to dinner last night.
They could walk faster when they were younger.
Sam could play the piano when he was a boy.
5.2.2 客氣請(qǐng)求：
Could you tell me the time, please?
Could you help me, please?
Could I have a coffee, please?
Could we come and visit you this evening?
2.3 could not help-ing, could not but 有"不禁"，"忍不住"之意：
We could not but laugh. 我們?nèi)滩蛔“l(fā)笑了。
We could not help laughing. 我們不禁笑了起來(lái)。
六、must
助動(dòng)詞shall, will, may, can 都有過(guò)去式（PastTense：should, would,might, could), 而must 卻沒(méi)有；但是它也往往指過(guò)去的事。）
下面是must的一些用法：
1、表示"必須"：
You must listen to him. 你必須聽(tīng)他的話。
(注意：如果要說(shuō)"你不必聽(tīng)他的話。" 可不能說(shuō) "You must not liston to him。"而要說(shuō)：
You need not liston to him.
因?yàn)?/SPAN> "You must not liston to him." 的意思是 "你不可聽(tīng)他的話。" ）
2、表示"一定"：
He must be a honest man. 他一定是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。
3、表示"偏偏"：
As I was sitting down to supper, the telephone must ring. 當(dāng)我正在坐下來(lái)吃
晚餐的時(shí)候，電話偏偏響了起來(lái)。
4、"must have+(past participle)..." 的用法：
4.1 "諒必曾經(jīng)" 的意思：
You must have seen him yesterday. 你諒必曾在昨天看見(jiàn)他。
4.2 "諒必曾經(jīng)（但實(shí)在不曾）" 的意思：
You must have seen him if you had been here yesterday. 如果你昨天在這里，諒必曾經(jīng)看到他。（實(shí)際上是不曾看見(jiàn)。）
4.3 "必須曾經(jīng)" 的意思：
Any applicant for this position must have practised for five years. 對(duì)于這個(gè)職位的任何申請(qǐng)人必須曾經(jīng)實(shí)習(xí)過(guò)五年。
就談到這里，下回見(jiàn)。Bye!
七、need和dare
1、need：
當(dāng)用作助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它的特征是：第三人稱、現(xiàn)在式（Present tense)、在疑問(wèn)句或否定句里指過(guò)去、后面的infinitive沒(méi)有"to":
Need he go yesterday? (注意：句子指過(guò)去，但need為現(xiàn)在式，he go 不作 hegoes)
He need not go yesterday.
He need not have any help from us yesterday.
2、dare：
和need一樣，dare 和 need 除了用作普通的動(dòng)詞外，也可用作助動(dòng)詞。它的句子特征是：否定或有否定意味、dare后面的infinitive沒(méi)有"to"、用dare不用dares、有時(shí)指過(guò)去的事：
He dare not go.
He dare not do anything.
He dare not take such a step.
No-one dare go.
Dare he go?
"I dare say" 這種說(shuō)法有"我以為"、"大概"、"在我看來(lái)"、"或者"的意思：
I dare say it will be right.
His brother, I dare say, is richer.
I dare say his brother is richer.
